/* Generator class declaration.
   Copyright (C) 2001-2010 Roberto Bagnara <bagnara@cs.unipr.it>
   Copyright (C) 2010-2011 BUGSENG srl (http://bugseng.com)

This file is part of the Parma Polyhedra Library (PPL).

The PPL is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the
Free Software Foundation; either version 3 of the License, or (at your
option) any later version.

The PPL is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
for more details.

You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.

For the most up-to-date information see the Parma Polyhedra Library
site: http://www.cs.unipr.it/ppl/ . */

#ifndef PPL_Generator_defs_hh
#define PPL_Generator_defs_hh 1

#include "Generator.types.hh"
#include "Scalar_Products.types.hh"
#include "Row.defs.hh"
#include "Variable.defs.hh"
#include "Constraint_System.types.hh"
#include "Generator_System.defs.hh"
#include "Congruence_System.types.hh"
#include "Linear_Expression.defs.hh"
#include "Polyhedron.types.hh"
#include "Grid_Generator.types.hh"
#include "Grid_Generator_System.types.hh"
#include "Checked_Number.defs.hh"
#include "distances.defs.hh"
#include <iosfwd>

namespace Parma_Polyhedra_Library {

// Put them in the namespace here to declare them friend later.

namespace IO_Operators {

//! Output operator.
/*! \relates Parma_Polyhedra_Library::Generator */
std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& s, const Generator& g);

} // namespace IO_Operators

} // namespace Parma_Polyhedra_Library

namespace std {

//! Specializes <CODE>std::swap</CODE>.
/*! \relates Parma_Polyhedra_Library::Generator */
void swap(Parma_Polyhedra_Library::Generator& x,
	  Parma_Polyhedra_Library::Generator& y);

} // namespace std


//! A line, ray, point or closure point.
/*! \ingroup PPL_CXX_interface
  An object of the class Generator is one of the following:

  - a line \f$\vect{l} = (a_0, \ldots, a_{n-1})^\transpose\f$;

  - a ray \f$\vect{r} = (a_0, \ldots, a_{n-1})^\transpose\f$;

  - a point
    \f$\vect{p} = (\frac{a_0}{d}, \ldots, \frac{a_{n-1}}{d})^\transpose\f$;

  - a closure point
    \f$\vect{c} = (\frac{a_0}{d}, \ldots, \frac{a_{n-1}}{d})^\transpose\f$;

  where \f$n\f$ is the dimension of the space
  and, for points and closure points, \f$d > 0\f$ is the divisor.

  \par A note on terminology.
  As observed in Section \ref representation, there are cases when,
  in order to represent a polyhedron \f$\cP\f$ using the generator system
  \f$\cG = (L, R, P, C)\f$, we need to include in the finite set
  \f$P\f$ even points of \f$\cP\f$ that are <EM>not</EM> vertices
  of \f$\cP\f$.
  This situation is even more frequent when working with NNC polyhedra
  and it is the reason why we prefer to use the word `point'
  where other libraries use the word `vertex'.

  \par How to build a generator.
  Each type of generator is built by applying the corresponding
  function (<CODE>line</CODE>, <CODE>ray</CODE>, <CODE>point</CODE>
  or <CODE>closure_point</CODE>) to a linear expression,
  representing a direction in the space;
  the space dimension of the generator is defined as the space dimension
  of the corresponding linear expression.
  Linear expressions used to define a generator should be homogeneous
  (any constant term will be simply ignored).
  When defining points and closure points, an optional Coefficient argument
  can be used as a common <EM>divisor</EM> for all the coefficients
  occurring in the provided linear expression;
  the default value for this argument is 1.

  \par
  In all the following examples it is assumed that variables
  <CODE>x</CODE>, <CODE>y</CODE> and <CODE>z</CODE>
  are defined as follows:
  \code
  Variable x(0);
  Variable y(1);
  Variable z(2);
  \endcode

  \par Example 1
  The following code builds a line with direction \f$x-y-z\f$
  and having space dimension \f$3\f$:
  \code
  Generator l = line(x - y - z);
  \endcode
  As mentioned above, the constant term of the linear expression
  is not relevant. Thus, the following code has the same effect:
  \code
  Generator l = line(x - y - z + 15);
  \endcode
  By definition, the origin of the space is not a line, so that
  the following code throws an exception:
  \code
  Generator l = line(0*x);
  \endcode

  \par Example 2
  The following code builds a ray with the same direction as the
  line in Example 1:
  \code
  Generator r = ray(x - y - z);
  \endcode
  As is the case for lines, when specifying a ray the constant term
  of the linear expression is not relevant; also, an exception is thrown
  when trying to build a ray from the origin of the space.

  \par Example 3
  The following code builds the point
  \f$\vect{p} = (1, 0, 2)^\transpose \in \Rset^3\f$:
  \code
  Generator p = point(1*x + 0*y + 2*z);
  \endcode
  The same effect can be obtained by using the following code:
  \code
  Generator p = point(x + 2*z);
  \endcode
  Similarly, the origin \f$\vect{0} \in \Rset^3\f$ can be defined
  using either one of the following lines of code:
  \code
  Generator origin3 = point(0*x + 0*y + 0*z);
  Generator origin3_alt = point(0*z);
  \endcode
  Note however that the following code would have defined
  a different point, namely \f$\vect{0} \in \Rset^2\f$:
  \code
  Generator origin2 = point(0*y);
  \endcode
  The following two lines of code both define the only point
  having space dimension zero, namely \f$\vect{0} \in \Rset^0\f$.
  In the second case we exploit the fact that the first argument
  of the function <CODE>point</CODE> is optional.
  \code
  Generator origin0 = Generator::zero_dim_point();
  Generator origin0_alt = point();
  \endcode

  \par Example 4
  The point \f$\vect{p}\f$ specified in Example 3 above
  can also be obtained with the following code,
  where we provide a non-default value for the second argument
  of the function <CODE>point</CODE> (the divisor):
  \code
  Generator p = point(2*x + 0*y + 4*z, 2);
  \endcode
  Obviously, the divisor can be usefully exploited to specify
  points having some non-integer (but rational) coordinates.
  For instance, the point
  \f$\vect{q} = (-1.5, 3.2, 2.1)^\transpose \in \Rset^3\f$
  can be specified by the following code:
  \code
  Generator q = point(-15*x + 32*y + 21*z, 10);
  \endcode
  If a zero divisor is provided, an exception is thrown.

  \par Example 5
  Closure points are specified in the same way we defined points,
  but invoking their specific constructor function.
  For instance, the closure point
  \f$\vect{c} = (1, 0, 2)^\transpose \in \Rset^3\f$ is defined by
  \code
  Generator c = closure_point(1*x + 0*y + 2*z);
  \endcode
  For the particular case of the (only) closure point
  having space dimension zero, we can use any of the following:
  \code
  Generator closure_origin0 = Generator::zero_dim_closure_point();
  Generator closure_origin0_alt = closure_point();
  \endcode

  \par How to inspect a generator
  Several methods are provided to examine a generator and extract
  all the encoded information: its space dimension, its type and
  the value of its integer coefficients.

  \par Example 6
  The following code shows how it is possible to access each single
  coefficient of a generator.
  If <CODE>g1</CODE> is a point having coordinates
  \f$(a_0, \ldots, a_{n-1})^\transpose\f$,
  we construct the closure point <CODE>g2</CODE> having coordinates
  \f$(a_0, 2 a_1, \ldots, (i+1)a_i, \ldots, n a_{n-1})^\transpose\f$.
  \code
  if (g1.is_point()) {
    cout << "Point g1: " << g1 << endl;
    Linear_Expression e;
    for (dimension_type i = g1.space_dimension(); i-- > 0; )
      e += (i + 1) * g1.coefficient(Variable(i)) * Variable(i);
    Generator g2 = closure_point(e, g1.divisor());
    cout << "Closure point g2: " << g2 << endl;
  }
  else
    cout << "Generator g1 is not a point." << endl;
  \endcode
  Therefore, for the point
  \code
  Generator g1 = point(2*x - y + 3*z, 2);
  \endcode
  we would obtain the following output:
  \code
  Point g1: p((2*A - B + 3*C)/2)
  Closure point g2: cp((2*A - 2*B + 9*C)/2)
  \endcode
  When working with (closure) points, be careful not to confuse
  the notion of <EM>coefficient</EM> with the notion of <EM>coordinate</EM>:
  these are equivalent only when the divisor of the (closure) point is 1.
*/
class Parma_Polyhedra_Library::Generator : private Linear_Row {
public:
  //! Returns the line of direction \p e.
  /*!
    \exception std::invalid_argument
    Thrown if the homogeneous part of \p e represents the origin of
    the vector space.
  */
  static Generator line(const Linear_Expression& e);

  //! Returns the ray of direction \p e.
  /*!
    \exception std::invalid_argument
    Thrown if the homogeneous part of \p e represents the origin of
    the vector space.
  */
  static Generator ray(const Linear_Expression& e);

  //! Returns the point at \p e / \p d.
  /*!
    Both \p e and \p d are optional arguments, with default values
    Linear_Expression::zero() and Coefficient_one(), respectively.

    \exception std::invalid_argument
    Thrown if \p d is zero.
  */
  static Generator point(const Linear_Expression& e
			 = Linear_Expression::zero(),
			 Coefficient_traits::const_reference d
			 = Coefficient_one());

  //! Returns the closure point at \p e / \p d.
  /*!
    Both \p e and \p d are optional arguments, with default values
    Linear_Expression::zero() and Coefficient_one(), respectively.

    \exception std::invalid_argument
    Thrown if \p d is zero.
  */
  static Generator
  closure_point(const Linear_Expression& e = Linear_Expression::zero(),
		Coefficient_traits::const_reference d = Coefficient_one());

  //! Ordinary copy constructor.
  Generator(const Generator& g);

  //! Destructor.
  ~Generator();

  //! Assignment operator.
  Generator& operator=(const Generator& g);

  //! Returns the maximum space dimension a Generator can handle.
  static dimension_type max_space_dimension();

  //! Returns the dimension of the vector space enclosing \p *this.
  dimension_type space_dimension() const;

  //! The generator type.
  enum Type {
    /*! The generator is a line. */
    LINE,
    /*! The generator is a ray. */
    RAY,
    /*! The generator is a point. */
    POINT,
    /*! The generator is a closure point. */
    CLOSURE_POINT
  };

  //! Returns the generator type of \p *this.
  Type type() const;

  //! Returns <CODE>true</CODE> if and only if \p *this is a line.
  bool is_line() const;

  //! Returns <CODE>true</CODE> if and only if \p *this is a ray.
  bool is_ray() const;

#ifdef PPL_DOXYGEN_INCLUDE_IMPLEMENTATION_DETAILS
  //! Returns <CODE>true</CODE> if and only if \p *this is a line or a ray.
#endif // defined(PPL_DOXYGEN_INCLUDE_IMPLEMENTATION_DETAILS)
  bool is_line_or_ray() const;

  //! Returns <CODE>true</CODE> if and only if \p *this is a point.
  bool is_point() const;

  //! Returns <CODE>true</CODE> if and only if \p *this is a closure point.
  bool is_closure_point() const;

  //! Returns the coefficient of \p v in \p *this.
  /*!
    \exception std::invalid_argument
    Thrown if the index of \p v is greater than or equal to the
    space dimension of \p *this.
  */
  Coefficient_traits::const_reference coefficient(Variable v) const;

  //! If \p *this is either a point or a closure point, returns its divisor.
  /*!
    \exception std::invalid_argument
    Thrown if \p *this is neither a point nor a closure point.
  */
  Coefficient_traits::const_reference divisor() const;

  //! Initializes the class.
  static void initialize();

  //! Finalizes the class.
  static void finalize();

  //! Returns the origin of the zero-dimensional space \f$\Rset^0\f$.
  static const Generator& zero_dim_point();

  /*! \brief
    Returns, as a closure point,
    the origin of the zero-dimensional space \f$\Rset^0\f$.
  */
  static const Generator& zero_dim_closure_point();

  /*! \brief
    Returns a lower bound to the total size in bytes of the memory
    occupied by \p *this.
  */
  memory_size_type total_memory_in_bytes() const;

  //! Returns the size in bytes of the memory managed by \p *this.
  memory_size_type external_memory_in_bytes() const;

  /*! \brief
    Returns <CODE>true</CODE> if and only if \p *this and \p y
    are equivalent generators.

    Generators having different space dimensions are not equivalent.
  */
  bool is_equivalent_to(const Generator& y) const;

  PPL_OUTPUT_DECLARATIONS

  /*! \brief
    Loads from \p s an ASCII representation (as produced by
    ascii_dump(std::ostream&) const) and sets \p *this accordingly.
    Returns <CODE>true</CODE> if successful, <CODE>false</CODE> otherwise.
  */
  bool ascii_load(std::istream& s);

  //! Checks if all the invariants are satisfied.
  bool OK() const;

  //! Swaps \p *this with \p y.
  void swap(Generator& y);

private:
  /*! \brief
    Holds (between class initialization and finalization) a pointer to
    the origin of the zero-dimensional space \f$\Rset^0\f$.
  */
  static const Generator* zero_dim_point_p;

  /*! \brief
    Holds (between class initialization and finalization) a pointer to
    the origin of the zero-dimensional space \f$\Rset^0\f$, as a closure point.
  */
  static const Generator* zero_dim_closure_point_p;

  /*! \brief
    Builds a generator of type \p type and topology \p topology,
    stealing the coefficients from \p e.
  */
  Generator(Linear_Expression& e, Type type, Topology topology);

  /*! \brief
    Throw a <CODE>std::invalid_argument</CODE> exception
    containing the appropriate error message.
  */
  void
  throw_dimension_incompatible(const char* method,
			       const char* name_var,
			       Variable v) const;

  /*! \brief
    Throw a <CODE>std::invalid_argument</CODE> exception
    containing the appropriate error message.
  */
  void
  throw_invalid_argument(const char* method, const char* reason) const;

  friend class Parma_Polyhedra_Library::Scalar_Products;
  friend class Parma_Polyhedra_Library::Topology_Adjusted_Scalar_Product_Sign;
  friend class Parma_Polyhedra_Library::Topology_Adjusted_Scalar_Product_Assign;
  friend class Parma_Polyhedra_Library::Generator_System;
  friend class Parma_Polyhedra_Library::Generator_System::const_iterator;
  // FIXME: the following friend declaration should be avoided.
  friend class Parma_Polyhedra_Library::Polyhedron;
  friend class Parma_Polyhedra_Library::Grid_Generator;
  // This is for access to Row and Linear_Row in `insert'.
  friend class Parma_Polyhedra_Library::Grid_Generator_System;

  friend
  Parma_Polyhedra_Library
  ::Linear_Expression::Linear_Expression(const Generator& g);

  friend std::ostream&
  Parma_Polyhedra_Library::IO_Operators::operator<<(std::ostream& s,
						    const Generator& g);

  //! Copy constructor with given space dimension.
  Generator(const Generator& g, dimension_type dimension);

  //! Returns <CODE>true</CODE> if and only if \p *this is not a line.
  bool is_ray_or_point() const;

  //! Sets the Linear_Row kind to <CODE>LINE_OR_EQUALITY</CODE>.
  void set_is_line();

  //! Sets the Linear_Row kind to <CODE>RAY_OR_POINT_OR_INEQUALITY</CODE>.
  void set_is_ray_or_point();

  /*! \brief
    Returns <CODE>true</CODE> if and only if the closure point
    \p *this has the same \e coordinates of the point \p p.

    It is \e assumed that \p *this is a closure point, \p p is a point
    and both topologies and space dimensions agree.
  */
  bool is_matching_closure_point(const Generator& p) const;

  //! Default constructor: private and not implemented.
  Generator();
};


namespace Parma_Polyhedra_Library {

//! Shorthand for Generator Generator::line(const Linear_Expression& e).
/*! \relates Generator */
Generator line(const Linear_Expression& e);

//! Shorthand for Generator Generator::ray(const Linear_Expression& e).
/*! \relates Generator */
Generator ray(const Linear_Expression& e);

/*! \brief
  Shorthand for Generator
  Generator::point(const Linear_Expression& e, Coefficient_traits::const_reference d).

  \relates Generator
*/
Generator
point(const Linear_Expression& e = Linear_Expression::zero(),
      Coefficient_traits::const_reference d = Coefficient_one());

/*! \brief
  Shorthand for Generator
  Generator::closure_point(const Linear_Expression& e, Coefficient_traits::const_reference d).

  \relates Generator
*/
Generator
closure_point(const Linear_Expression& e = Linear_Expression::zero(),
	      Coefficient_traits::const_reference d = Coefficient_one());

//! Returns <CODE>true</CODE> if and only if \p x is equivalent to \p y.
/*! \relates Generator */
bool operator==(const Generator& x, const Generator& y);

//! Returns <CODE>true</CODE> if and only if \p x is not equivalent to \p y.
/*! \relates Generator */
bool operator!=(const Generator& x, const Generator& y);

//! Computes the rectilinear (or Manhattan) distance between \p x and \p y.
/*! \relates Generator
  If the rectilinear distance between \p x and \p y is defined,
  stores an approximation of it into \p r and returns <CODE>true</CODE>;
  returns <CODE>false</CODE> otherwise.

  The direction of the approximation is specified by \p dir.

  All computations are performed using variables of type
  Checked_Number<To, Extended_Number_Policy>.

  \note
  Distances are \e only defined between generators that are points and/or
  closure points; for rays or lines, \c false is returned.
*/
template <typename To>
bool rectilinear_distance_assign(Checked_Number<To, Extended_Number_Policy>& r,
                                 const Generator& x,
                                 const Generator& y,
                                 Rounding_Dir dir);

//! Computes the rectilinear (or Manhattan) distance between \p x and \p y.
/*! \relates Generator
  If the rectilinear distance between \p x and \p y is defined,
  stores an approximation of it into \p r and returns <CODE>true</CODE>;
  returns <CODE>false</CODE> otherwise.

  The direction of the approximation is specified by \p dir.

  All computations are performed using variables of type
  Checked_Number<Temp, Extended_Number_Policy>.

  \note
  Distances are \e only defined between generators that are points and/or
  closure points; for rays or lines, \c false is returned.
*/
template <typename Temp, typename To>
bool rectilinear_distance_assign(Checked_Number<To, Extended_Number_Policy>& r,
                                 const Generator& x,
                                 const Generator& y,
                                 Rounding_Dir dir);

//! Computes the rectilinear (or Manhattan) distance between \p x and \p y.
/*! \relates Generator
  If the rectilinear distance between \p x and \p y is defined,
  stores an approximation of it into \p r and returns <CODE>true</CODE>;
  returns <CODE>false</CODE> otherwise.

  The direction of the approximation is specified by \p dir.

  All computations are performed using the temporary variables
  \p tmp0, \p tmp1 and \p tmp2.

  \note
  Distances are \e only defined between generators that are points and/or
  closure points; for rays or lines, \c false is returned.
*/
template <typename Temp, typename To>
bool rectilinear_distance_assign(Checked_Number<To, Extended_Number_Policy>& r,
                                 const Generator& x,
                                 const Generator& y,
                                 Rounding_Dir dir,
                                 Temp& tmp0,
                                 Temp& tmp1,
                                 Temp& tmp2);

//! Computes the euclidean distance between \p x and \p y.
/*! \relates Generator
  If the euclidean distance between \p x and \p y is defined,
  stores an approximation of it into \p r and returns <CODE>true</CODE>;
  returns <CODE>false</CODE> otherwise.

  The direction of the approximation is specified by \p dir.

  All computations are performed using variables of type
  Checked_Number<To, Extended_Number_Policy>.

  \note
  Distances are \e only defined between generators that are points and/or
  closure points; for rays or lines, \c false is returned.
*/
template <typename To>
bool euclidean_distance_assign(Checked_Number<To, Extended_Number_Policy>& r,
                               const Generator& x,
                               const Generator& y,
                               Rounding_Dir dir);

//! Computes the euclidean distance between \p x and \p y.
/*! \relates Generator
  If the euclidean distance between \p x and \p y is defined,
  stores an approximation of it into \p r and returns <CODE>true</CODE>;
  returns <CODE>false</CODE> otherwise.

  The direction of the approximation is specified by \p dir.

  All computations are performed using variables of type
  Checked_Number<Temp, Extended_Number_Policy>.

  \note
  Distances are \e only defined between generators that are points and/or
  closure points; for rays or lines, \c false is returned.
*/
template <typename Temp, typename To>
bool rectilinear_distance_assign(Checked_Number<To, Extended_Number_Policy>& r,
                                 const Generator& x,
                                 const Generator& y,
                                 Rounding_Dir dir);

//! Computes the euclidean distance between \p x and \p y.
/*! \relates Generator
  If the euclidean distance between \p x and \p y is defined,
  stores an approximation of it into \p r and returns <CODE>true</CODE>;
  returns <CODE>false</CODE> otherwise.

  The direction of the approximation is specified by \p dir.

  All computations are performed using the temporary variables
  \p tmp0, \p tmp1 and \p tmp2.

  \note
  Distances are \e only defined between generators that are points and/or
  closure points; for rays or lines, \c false is returned.
*/
template <typename Temp, typename To>
bool euclidean_distance_assign(Checked_Number<To, Extended_Number_Policy>& r,
                               const Generator& x,
                               const Generator& y,
                               Rounding_Dir dir,
                               Temp& tmp0,
                               Temp& tmp1,
                               Temp& tmp2);

//! Computes the \f$L_\infty\f$ distance between \p x and \p y.
/*! \relates Generator
  If the \f$L_\infty\f$ distance between \p x and \p y is defined,
  stores an approximation of it into \p r and returns <CODE>true</CODE>;
  returns <CODE>false</CODE> otherwise.

  The direction of the approximation is specified by \p dir.

  All computations are performed using variables of type
  Checked_Number<To, Extended_Number_Policy>.

  \note
  Distances are \e only defined between generators that are points and/or
  closure points; for rays or lines, \c false is returned.
*/
template <typename To>
bool l_infinity_distance_assign(Checked_Number<To, Extended_Number_Policy>& r,
                                const Generator& x,
                                const Generator& y,
                                Rounding_Dir dir);

//! Computes the \f$L_\infty\f$ distance between \p x and \p y.
/*! \relates Generator
  If the \f$L_\infty\f$ distance between \p x and \p y is defined,
  stores an approximation of it into \p r and returns <CODE>true</CODE>;
  returns <CODE>false</CODE> otherwise.

  The direction of the approximation is specified by \p dir.

  All computations are performed using variables of type
  Checked_Number<Temp, Extended_Number_Policy>.

  \note
  Distances are \e only defined between generators that are points and/or
  closure points; for rays or lines, \c false is returned.
*/
template <typename Temp, typename To>
bool l_infinity_distance_assign(Checked_Number<To, Extended_Number_Policy>& r,
                                const Generator& x,
                                const Generator& y,
                                Rounding_Dir dir);

//! Computes the \f$L_\infty\f$ distance between \p x and \p y.
/*! \relates Generator
  If the \f$L_\infty\f$ distance between \p x and \p y is defined,
  stores an approximation of it into \p r and returns <CODE>true</CODE>;
  returns <CODE>false</CODE> otherwise.

  The direction of the approximation is specified by \p dir.

  All computations are performed using the temporary variables
  \p tmp0, \p tmp1 and \p tmp2.

  \note
  Distances are \e only defined between generators that are points and/or
  closure points; for rays or lines, \c false is returned.
*/
template <typename Temp, typename To>
bool l_infinity_distance_assign(Checked_Number<To, Extended_Number_Policy>& r,
                                const Generator& x,
                                const Generator& y,
                                Rounding_Dir dir,
                                Temp& tmp0,
                                Temp& tmp1,
                                Temp& tmp2);

namespace IO_Operators {

//! Output operator.
/*! \relates Parma_Polyhedra_Library::Generator */
std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& s, const Generator::Type& t);

} // namespace IO_Operators

} // namespace Parma_Polyhedra_Library

#include "Generator.inlines.hh"

#endif // !defined(PPL_Generator_defs_hh)
